Changes to the National Curriculum

Changes to the subject atomic number 18a computer programmeSince the presentation of the National course in 1992, a number of changes eng closeer been make to its structure and feed throughation. Identify and explain these changes and assess the contribution of the National curriculum in the effort to spring up standards in bringing up.This essay exit describe, locate and explain the changes that have occurred to the National computer programme (NC) since its conception in 1992. It impart to a fault assess these changes and evaluate the benefits and hard-foughties that it has experienced since 1992.The Education Reform cloak (ERA) came into effect in 1988, this enabled Kenneth Baker the Conservative Minister of Education to implement the roll- step forward of the National Curriculum in 1992 within primary / secondary reproduction. However, previous to 1992 on that point had been no National Curriculum and previously teachers had worked egress their have got sche mes of work that they deemed appropriate for their pupils.As a result of this the standard of education across the country varied con sloperably and the methods employed to teach were wide-ranging. With the effectuation of the National Curriculum in 1992, responsibility was shifted away from teachers to centralised goernance over what was to be taught. The National Curriculum take a shited a set-framework of acquire to enable children to move freely between schools as they would be tuition from the same framework.The National Curriculum ensured that schools taught a certain range of subjects, this consisted of cardinal subjects. The subjects were divided into two sub-categories (core and foundation). The three master(prenominal) core subjects were English, Maths and scholarship, and unneurotic with seven some other foundation subjects (Art, Home Economics. Music, History, a Modern conflicting Language (only compulsory in secondary schools), Geography and Physical Educatio n created the foundation of the National Curriculum. Compulsory National tests (SATS) were introduced at 7, 11 and 14 on core subjects. The results are published annu solelyy in conference tables (along with GCSE/A levels and truancy statistics).Changes occurred to the National Curriculum from its inception. Rather than world embraced the National Curriculum was met with hostility from whatever teachers and most of the larger teachers unions. One of the main criticisms of the National Curriculum by teachers and teaching unions was that at first discern that it contained far too legion(predicate) subjects and was considered to be too rigid, compared to what was previously taught. This meant that it was difficult to teach the subject well as the students had to learn so umteen subjects, and they presumed that it would be very difficult for students.The National Curriculum was similarly criticized for being extremely Eurocentric, as it was primarily focused around European cultu re, big(p) those from ethnic backgrounds very little opportunity to learn about their roots. accredited sections of the public besides argued that the regimen aspirationally fashioned the National Curriculum to remove subjects which they as a policy-making party are over against for political reasons, such(prenominal) as sociology, politics, and environmental sciences (they were never contained in the National Curriculum).However, a benefit to the National Curriculum was that teachers directly had to educate students in a range of subjects. This gave children / students a better start for the skills they would need for later in life. It was also disputed that the guinea pig Curriculum helped to reduce the division of girls and boys subjects, as both sexes were taught the same subjects. This helped to reduce the stereotyping of gender.In 1993, teachers decided to boycott the interior(a) plan testing arrangements (SATS) after complaining about the workload. The Secretary of call forth for Education, in a move in the right direction asked Sir Ron Dearing, who was the authoritative Chairman of the School Curriculum and Assessment AuthorityHYPERLINK http//www.bookrags.com/tandf/school-curriculum-and-assessment-tfp2000a9f68830215001 (SCAA), to follow the case curriculum. Dearing make an Interim Report in 1993 and a Final Report in 1994 (The Dearing Report) after a period of consultation with teachers and the teachers unions. In his story his recommended on slimming down the curriculum, and alter its administration. He also recommended that the slimmed down national curriculum should not be modify for five years and that national tests should be simplified without sacrificing validity or reliability. The revised curriculum was utilize from luxurious 1995.The 1992, Ofsted (The Office for Standards in Education) formed as part of the major reach and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform represent 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. Ofsted inspections were carried out on school every 6 years. This change was introduced as it was believed standards need to be raised in schools.Many people popular opinion Ofsted inspections were a hefty idea, if schools were failing, it was noticed and measures were put in place in guild to correct these schools. However, Ofsted were also often seen to be too strict on schools, making it difficult for schools to pass inspection highly.Also, it was felt that many teachers and schools would improve their teaching standards while they were being inspected. Some schools would also send some of their worst behaved students on school trips for the inspections. This defeated the object of Ofsted inspections as it wasnt the natural teaching standards that were being tested. Recent inspections by Ofsted have revealed that although a good proportion of schools had improved since they were las t checked many were stilling failing.Figures released by Ofsted in 2009 show that 11% of schools checked since last kinsfolk were rated corking, while 9% were not up to scratch. Angela Harrison, BBCIn the year 2006-07, 14% of those checked were outstanding and 6% were inadequate. Angela Harrison, BBCIn 1997, the incoming The New Labour Government came into submit in the UK. They Introduced the National Literacy Strategy to all Primary Schools in England from September 1998 after setting targets for pupils at Key show 2 in English (80%), Mathematics (75), but not in Science.Previously a pilot project had been tested during 1996, which involved schools in 14 local anesthetic Education Authorities. The strategy was planned for teachers to teach a daily Literacy Hour, which followed a pattern of 30 minutes whole class teaching, then root word work and concluding with a plenary session. A number of documents have been published by the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) to help teachers raise standards in literacy at the time.The National Literacy Strategy framework endeavoured to improve standards for all primary aged pupils. The strategys purpose was to make sure that all pupils were receiving on a daily basis dedicated one hour of literacy. The end result would give pupils the opportunity to develop skills in reading, grammar, spelling, and oral work and help raise standards in teaching and learning.In the following year of September 1999 The National Numeracy Strategy framework was introduced and like the literacy strategy, aimed at raising standards for all primary pupils. Similar to the National Literacy Strategy it prescribed a one hour daily mathematics lesson for all pupils.The Five social class Review in 2000 set out the main aims and purposes of the National Curriculum for the first time. The four main purposes of the National Curriculum areTo establish an entitlement.To establish standards.To promote continuity and coherence.To promote public understanding.The National Curriculum has been put into place in the hope that children provide achieve and will have an entitlement to learning irrespective of their background, be it race, gender, cultural or otherwise. It also makes expectations for childrens attainment explicit for all concerned and sets out national standards for performance. These standards arse then be used for target setting, measuring progress and supervise progression.The Foundation order was introduced by the Labour political relation in 2000, to provide guidance for settings which provide care and education to pre-school children (aged 3 to 5). It was named the Foundation exemplify because it lays the foundations for childrens later learning. Neaum and Tallack, 2002. It evolved from the Rumbold Report of 1990, which investigated the educational provision for the under 5s, and found that there was a patchy, unplanned curriculum which was unsatisfactory.In 2004 a review was carried out of Key Stage 4, from this review the introduction of Entitlement subjects. The Curriculum Entitlement Framework provides pupils with advance to a wider range of learning opportunities suited to their needs, aptitudes and interests, irrespective of where they live or the school they attend.In 2007 the government abolished formal written Key Stage 1 SATS and replaced them with teacher recorded assessments. The Key Stage 1 assessments are very low key and completed by the pupils teacher over a period of a few weeks so they will be hardly aware that an assessment is taking place.In 2008 a review of Secondary National Curriculum resulted in bran-newborn Key Stage 3 and 4 Curriculum which was introduced in 2009. This updated part of the curriculum now offers Diplomas and other alternatives to current GCSE and A-level examinations.In 2009 the then current Labour government announces that Key Stage 3 Sats examinations are to be abolished and that Sir Jim Rose will be conducting a full review o f the Primary National Curriculum. The findings of the report will be implemented from September 2011.In May 2010 a general election was held and New Conservative / Liberal Democrat government came to power under David Cameron and Nick Clegg. The future changes to the new primary national curriculum which were put forward by Sir Jim Rose to be implemented from September 2011 have been shelved, the government stating that it does not intend to proceed with the new primary curriculum. Instead they are committed to giving schools more license from unnecessary prescription and bureaucracy. They have always made clear their intention to make changes to the National Curriculum that will ensure a depressed focus on the basics and give teachers more flexibility than the proposed new primary curriculum offered.The National Curriculum has undergone considerable change and training over the past twenty years and is still being altered and adjusted at the present day. Controversy still exist s as to the move up education should adopt for those over the age of 14 testing is thought to be heavily based on recall of knowledge boost a lack of skill development activities. Many of the original subjects that were needed no longer are, as it was felt the curriculum was too full.In my opinion, since the introduction of the National Curriculum, I believe that it was the keystone to greatly improving the standards of education that children receive in todays society. This is because before the standard of education students accepted was highly based on class status and was typically aslant towards the middle / upper class families, another factor was your locality in the country. Teachers also taught a range of subjects that they wished to teach as there were no set subjects so what you could be taught varied across the country. This led to many students leaving school with limited knowledge.With the introduction of the Literacy and Numeracy hours Sats results have increased again of the subsequent years but again now have slowed to a halt. As seen in the table below.But on the flip side having felt that on the whole the National Curriculum is effective it is also somewhat flawed. Children are taught to the test at a detriment to other subjects, and so they are missing out on a commodious and balanced curriculum.Schools and teaching staff will also admit that they are being forced to teach to the test cutting out subjects such as history, geography and art to inflate their position on national league tables or else look as if they are failing.The national tests also distort childrens education as they are being offered a dependant timetable as teachers are forced to focus on the core subjects. In a number of schools an emphasis on tests in English, Mathematics and Science limits the range of work in these subjects in particular year groups, as well as more broadly across the curriculum in some primary schools.Having said this, the positive points out weighed the negative greatly as it was the start towards the National Curriculum that we currently have today.

Nursing Essays Weaning Patient Ventilation

Nursing Essays ablactateing Patient Ventilationweaning Patient VentilationIntroductionThe indications of mechanic external respiration atomic number 18 many. The principal(prenominal) idea is uncomplainings are put to schmaltzy ventilation to satisfy their bodies use up for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, since they cannot do this by themselves. Mechanical ventilation may be noninvasive through nasal or smell masks or invasive through a tracheotomy tube. The time played out on mechanical ventilation varies.It may be few hours as in cases of heart failure or obstructive airway disease. It may be for longer time as in cases of head crack or premature babies. Other diligents may stay on artificial ventilation for unknown time as those in comas or with neurologic condition where there is paralysis of the respiratory muscles. Being an aided respiration, so weaning and returning to the normal way of respiration has to be tried. However, the marvel remains when to wean and how to wean (Pruitt, 2006).When to wean a tolerant role from a ventilatorFrutos-Vivar and Esteban (2003) suggested an evidence-based weaning protocol on three flavours. In step 1, on treatment follow up and daily assessment, when the patients condition improves, there are certain criteria to look for to start the sour of weaning. These criteria are A) PO2/FIO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) is 150-300. B) When positive residuum expiratory printing press is satisfactory to or little than 5 cm/H2O and C) patient is wakeful with stable cardiovascular condition. D) Body temperature is little than 38 degrees C and haemoglobin is at 10 g/dl or more.You can compact expert dish with your essays right now. Find out moreThe sec step is to give the patient a trial of short compass point for 30 hours of spontaneous respiration using either a T-tube or a pressure support ventilation of 7cm/H2O. The criteria for trial victor are both objective and subjective. Objective criteria are A) bodge vary criteria of SaO2 greater than 90 percent or PaO2 greater than 60 percent with Fio2 less than 0.4-0.5 and increase in PCO2 less than 10 mm Hg or decrease in pH less than 0.1. B) Heart judge should be less than 140 a minute or change magnitude by less than 20 percent from baseline with systolic line of reasoning pressure higher than 80-160 mm Hg or change less than 20 percent from baseline.Subjective signs include no extra lead of respiratory or accessory respiratory muscles and absent signs of distress as agitation and increased sweating. If the trial succeeds, in other words the patient shows good tolerance to spontaneous respiration, the attending staff can wean the patient. If, on the other hand, the patient shows poor tolerance, the trial is to be tell any 24 hours until good tolerance occurs, this is known as step-by-step weaning (Frutos-Vivar and Esteban, 2003).How to wean a patient from mechanical ventilationWeaning can be either gradual as discuss ed earlier or rapid. Rapid weaning is indicated in cases with no pulmonary or neurological disorders that mandate mechanical weaning. This is best illustrated in cases of postoperative indication as advised by the anesthetic consultant (Pruitt, 2006).Pruitt, 2006 suggested a 12-point protocol for rapid weaning. First, the ventilator settings are those ordered by the anesthetic consultant,2) meet arterial blood gases every 20 minutes, and always compare the results with readings of pulse oximetry and end tidal CO2 values.3) The patient observation sheet should include A- take of consciousness, B- temperature, and hemoglobin level. C- Gas exchange criteria and respiratory rate. All values discussed in the lead apply for the timing of rapid weaning with slight variations among medical centers.4) slump intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) rate by two breaths/minute when the patient is awake and alert, responding appropriately, and assisting the ventilator. The patient SpO2 is g reater than 92%, ETCO2 (end tidal CO2) is less than 40 mm Hg, and hemodynamic values are acceptable. Acceptable hemodynamic values are heart rate less than 120 a minute with no serious arrhythmias.5) Blood pressure is greater than 100 mm Hg systolic. In open-heart surgery, cardiac index, greater than two liters/minute/m2 without intraaortic balloon pump therapy, and chest tube drainage less than 100 ml/hour. If the patient is stable 15 to 30 minutes after the IMV rate is changed, lead decreasing the IMV rate by two breaths a minute every 15 to 30 minutes. Continue as long as the patients SpO2 stays to a higher mark 92%, his ETCO2 is less than 40 mm Hg, and hemodynamic values are acceptable. Stop when the IMV rate equals two breaths a minute.6) change the FIO2 to 0.4 in increments of 0.05 to 0.1 as long as the patients SpO2 is above 92%.7) If the patient is receiving positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of more than five cm H2O, decrease PEEP by five cm H2O every 30 minutes u ntil PEEP is equal to five cm H2O, as long as the patient SpO2 is above 92%. pulsate help with your essay from our expert essay writers8) Get an arterial blood gas psychoanalysis as needed and report the anesthesia consultant if the patient SpO2 falls below 92% or ETCO2 rises above 40 mm Hg or if he shows any signs of agitation or distress.9) quit weaning if the patient cannot maintain acceptable hemodynamic, neurological, or respiratory parameters. hold back to previous ventilator settings and notify the anesthetist.10) When the IMV rate equals two breaths a minute, get an arterial blood gas analysis, and correlate the results with the patients SpO2 and ETCO2 values. Get pulmonary function tests the patients tidal volume should be greater than 5 cc/kg, spontaneous respiratory rate amid 8 and 30 breaths/minute, vital capacity greater than 15 cc/kg, minute ventilation less than 10 liters/minute, and maximal inspiratory pressure less than -20 cm H2O. If readiness to wean criteria, haemodynamic, and lung mechanics criteria are met, place the patient on a T-tube at the current FIO2 and perform a spontaneous breathing trial.11) Get an arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis if the patient tolerates the spontaneous breathing trial for 30 minutes (as show by the patient ability to stay on the T-piece with acceptable neurological, hemodynamic, and respiratory parameters).12) If the ABG results are in the acceptable criteria range, the patient will be extubated. tail end the patient on supplemental oxygen at 5 to 6 liters/minute via nasal cannula (passive ventilation) to keep his Spo2 over 92%.ReferencesPruitt, B. (2006). Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Nursing, 36 (9), 36-41.Frutos-Vivar, F. and Esteban, A (2003). When to wean from a ventilator An evidence-based strategy. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 70 (5), 389-400.

General Information And The History Of Beer

General Information And The History Of BeerBeer is the oldest and close to astray consumed alcoholic drink in whole world and the third roughly popular drink boilers suit after water and tea. Beer is produced by the brew and fermentation of starches, mostly produced from cereal grains and usually malted barley, and as well wheat, feed wheat and rice may be apply as well. intimately all beers ar flavored with hops. Hops atomic number 18 also used to add together bitterness to the beer and be as a natural preservative. Although in that location be deferent beers with flavored with herbs or fruit smell.Beer has appe bed between 9,000 and 14,000 years ago, being as old as the civilization. Beer is one of the oldest harvest-tides of civilization, and may even pitch been a stepping-stone to the invention of leavened colewort. The grain, from which beer is made, was the starting signal domesticated crop that started the outgrowth of nation during the nomadic measure. By that time the beer was cloudy and not filtered, and people were victimisation drinking straws when drinking beer, in order to avoid create from raw material equipoise in the mouth (Wikipedia, 2011).In ancient times beer was mostly used as barter, instead of being exchange and a Babylonian big businessman had even introduced a daily norm of beer per day. A normal prole received 2 liters, civil servants 3 liters, administrators and mellow priests 5 liters of beer per day. The Egyptians also have taken part in the bill of beer create from raw stuff. They have been experimenting with unbaked bread dough and were improving the taste of beer. Beer is an especially important drink in countries such(prenominal) as Belgium, Germany, Ire republic , and the UK, with nations such as France, the Scandinavian countries, the Czech country, and differents having vigorous and unique create from raw material traditions with their own history, characteristic create from raw stuff method s, and styles of beer producing.RELATION among GERMANY AND BREWINGThe most widely k at a timen event in the history of create from raw stuff is the establishment of standards for brewers by the Germans. They decided that to the production of beer, scarcely foursome ingredients should be used water, malted barley, malted wheat and hops. It is underscore that beer was for the root time brewed on German soil. Germans brewed beer not honorable for God sacrifices, except also for their own enjoyment. Germans started to open even brewery family businesses. Beer is in Germany a major part of their national culture. Germany has more breweries than in any other country. thither are almost 1,300 businesses producing beer.Figure 1 German Beer Statistics% Age of European Production26.5%Total beer usance107,800,000 hectoliterConsumption per head131.7 lNumber of breweries1294Beer exports8,539,000 hectoliterBeer imports2,168,000 hectoliterDraught beer percentage22%NotesThe only countr ies with which Germany has a trade deficit in beer are Belgium, the Czech Republic and Mexico.MARKET STRUCTUREOn the one grant, Germans are beer drinking nation. Their breathing in per/capita is almost 60% soaringer than the western European average consumption and the beer market from Germany is still the largest in the world. Even if there are 1,300 breweries in Germany, therefore Germanys beer market is high-pitchedly competitive. Their output is only around a third of the whole beer production in EU.On the other hand German consumers started to move away from the alcoholic drinks, the desire of a healthier way of leaving is rising, and German is tend to consume more mineral water, juice and coffee. The result of this is 7% drop in the beer consumption in Germany since 1998.Even though Bavarian-style beer continued to grow, and beer-based mixed continue to have high demand. Young generations of consumers are trying to discover new and different types of drinks, such as beer mixed with lemon-lime soda or cola etc. trade beer is tale only 5, 9% of the total beer consumption in Germany. This is repayable to the fact that domestic breweries created a strong preference among the consumers. The import section remains more or slight constant in suffer of several major international breweries that previously sold their products through exports now producing under license in Germany. Pils is the dominant segment in Germany with a market share of some 60% in total. In addition, there are a number of special German beer types such as Weizen, Alt and Klsch.EVALUATION OF MAJOR BREWERY COMPANIES IN GERMANYBECKS BREWERY is a brewing company in the north part of Germany, in city of Bremen, since 1873. Becks was first owned by a local family, and later it was sold to InterBrew. Becks beer is historied of it quality and world-wide known brand, drunk by millions of consumers e real year and is be number 5 among the most selling beers in Germany. By exported volume, Becks is on the first place among German Beers, and it is sold in more than vitamin C countries in the world. The largest markets for Becks outside Germany are the United Kingdom, the USA, the Ukraine, Australia, Italy, Romania, and Russia (Brauerei Beck Co, 2011).Products of Becks BreweryBecks the main brand, a pilsnerBecks inconsolable (Alcohol Free)Becks Premier LightBecks GoldBecks Green lemon yellowBecks Green LemonAlcohol FreeBecks Chilled OrangeBecks Level 7Becks IceBecks succeeding(a)Becks DarkBecks OktoberfestBecks VIERBecks Brewery is an attraction of the city, because the company organizes tours in the inside the brewery and gives sample of sunk products and afterwards visitors can enjoy food at the Becks caf, or browsing for beer-related souvenirs. Besides the organizing tours, the company also uses other ways to advertise its products. The haunt various sport events, festivals and have more advertisements on TV and magazines.OETTINGER BREWERY is the shell sel ling beer brand in Germany since 2004 with an output of almost 6.61 million hectoliters sold annually. Moreover a big factor that contributes to this big keep down of gross sales is the low- legal injury strategy. Oettinger appeared in the market, by using a gap from it labor. The brewery started to sell trashy beer in big volumes, so that people would afford it and would have a beer they and wanted for the lowest price and relatively good quality. In order to avoid competition, Oettinger bought the beer brand 5.0 Original and the corresponding brewery in Braunschweig. Braunschweig was his competitor, a brewery from the same segment of market (The Oettinger Group, 2011).Oettinger uses different ways to maintain the beer price as low as possibleNo advertisement and promo campaigns.Concentrating only one the one brand, compared to other breweries which have twenty and same times even more brands.Direct delivery from brewery to stores, no intermediaries.The brewing process is hig hly automated only few employees are needed for production. ostiarius 5 FORCES ANALYSIS displume 1 Supplier powerSuppliers have small bargaining power in the brewing business, which works in technique brewers goodwill. There are a crapper manufacturers and suppliers who provide brewing equipment. Brewers can also buy used or refurbished already vivacious equipment. Many of the companies that supply brewing equipment do not focus just on that area, they also offer other products and services and the brewing equipment is just one phase of their operation.Supplier concentration is low, which can possibly subjoin the sustainable profits. As far as supplier substitutes, the ingredients that go into the brewing of beer cannot be replaced. Those ingredients are necessary for the production. Brewing must have malt, hops, barley, yeast, and water. The beer brewing patience relies heavily on supplier input. Especially the ingredients that are in beer, consequently the suppliers are in con stant need to keep this industry operational. Which means there is a threat of supplying integration the big brewing companies produce enough capital to possibly buy plots of land to grow their own malt, hops, or barley (Beer Brewers industry Analysis, 2008). reap 2 Buyer powerThe main buyers of beer in the brewing industry are distributors. There are over 1,900 beer distributors nationwide servicing approximately 320,000 sell businesses. Bargaining power of buyers increase when there are few distributors in the market the distribution industry is increasing very fast than the manufacturers industry and when new competition cannot emerge. The distributors are the ones with all the connections to the consumers retailers, thus the distributor rig the prices based on what income margins they require. The distributors are consolidating and increasing in power. Moreover, distributors are curb new competition. So, overall the Porters force of Buyer berth is a controvert for the Be er Brewing persistence (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008).Force 3 SubstitutesFigure 2 Beverage ConsumptionCategory% Of Beverage ConsumptionSoft drinks49.0%Beer19.4% reaping beverages13.2%Bottled water12.2%Sports drinks1.8%Wine1.7%Rtd tea1.6%Spirits1.1%Total beverages100.0%Beer has a lot of substitutes as you can see from Figure 2 some of them are wine, spirits, wine cooler, and specialty drinks. But also soft drinks, water, fruit juices, tea, and sports drinks may be considered as its substitutes. According to the figures from the Beverage World Publications Group, Beer constitutes for 19.4% and soft drinks account for 49.0%. This makes beer consumed more than bottled water, fruit juices, sports drinks, wine, spirits and tea. These factors increase the threat of substitute goods for the beer industry, which has a negative effect on industry profits (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008).Force 4 RivalryRivalry is the extent to which companies compete with one some other for cus tomers. Rivalry can be price-based or non price-based (Michael Porters Five Forces, 2009) Rivalry is metric by the concentration level of the industry the more concentrated the industry, the less rivalry. Other factors that increase rivalry are large capital asset requirements and high switching costs.This industry is experiencing significant concentration effects, which decreases rivalry. Also, there are significant barriers to exit, which increases rivalry. The proposed joint venture MillerCoors would act to decrease rivalry overall. Therefore, the overall effect of rivalry on this industry is neutral (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008).Force 5 Entry BarriersIn the Germany beer brewing industry there are a substantial amount of entry barriers that protect the firms currently in the industry from the new entrants. Price competition combined with increasing upright integration and the inherent production economy of the market leaders makes it very difficult for an inefficient m ajor brewer to compete on a national scale. (CNBC, 2011 Liquor Sales Slow Along With Econom) Overall the German brewing industry faces a large amount of barriers to entry as there are economies of scale, brand loyalty and large capital requirements, product differentiation effects, possibly limited access to distribution channels, and large amount of government regulations. All of these factors reduce the threat of entry into the national beer brewing industry which in turn raises the industrys potential for sustained profits (Beer Brewers Industry Analysis, 2008).5 FORCE SUMMARIESForceKey DriversEffect on Industry ProfitBargaining Power of SuppliersSmall suppliers relative to brewers+Bargaining Power of BuyersConsolidation of industry distribution connected to retailersSubstitutesGrowing substitute industry low switching costRivalryHigh concentration high innovationEntry BarriersHigh capital requirements, economies of scale, closed distribution channels, high government regulation. +ConclusionIn conclusion I would like to emphasize that beer market in Germany is very product differentiated and diverse. The competition forces are high and in parallel, customers have different offers from what to choose. Germany is the biggest exporter of beer in the world and has the most breweries.Beer has various substitutes, even though it is on the second place among other drinks. Each brewery is trying to gain competitive advantage. Oettinger lowers the prices and Becks uses more advertising channels.

The Role Of Migratory Birds

The Role Of migrant BirdsThe post of migrant annuluss in transmitting bird affections is becoming a contentious issue in the whole world. The issue has even do researchers and naturalists to differ in opinion regarding their capability to disperse pathogens across continents. late(a) studies that were conducted during the bird flu outbreaks make out that a migrant bird is capable of disseminating the deadly H5N1 avian influenza without themselves getting infect. Research has shown that these birds ar responsible for contagion of many diseases, especially viral, in types of animals. This study so has the mandate to critically analyze how migratory birds back up in transmittal of diseases. The study will alike focus on the discordant types of diseases that be transmissible by these birds.IntroductionBirds be possessed of been cognise since time hoary to be migrating from one region to another. The birds aro intake be local migrants, misfortunate outstrip migrants, long distance migrants and nomadic and vagrant migrants. They do exit across national and international borders. The migration is endlessly due to the reason for survival. This instinct leads birds to look for seasonal opportunities for food supply and action habitats. The findings from the studies conducted on the purpose of bird migration reveal that millions of birds migrate annually from unfavorable to favorable conditions (Hubalek, 1994, 2004). uncomplimentary conditions argon usually in spend while the favorable ar in summer. Birds consequently migrate from places where at that place is winter to places with seasons of winter. This explains why the migration is rampant.The environmental conditions during summer accelerate food accumulation and breeding because of the better climatic conditions. Through biological systems, birds store up energy and fats during this season. The energy and fats stored aid in migration when there be changing survival conditions in the h abitat. During this termination, winter falls. An interesting observation is that not all birds migrate with the changing conditions. The prototype of migration differs with species and requirements (Berthold Peter, 2001). Some birds do migrate over short distance fair(a) to look for food and come back. Others migrate over long distance and may come back or not.The migration of these birds is a natural phenomenon. They have to do that in order to maintain ecological balance and near meaning(a)ly, to survive. However, the natural phenomenon is always fol paltryed by harsh repercussions that are unavoidable. It is saddening to know that these birds are either carriers or hosts for pathogens. As they migrate, these birds transfer micro-organisms across localities, nations and even continents. They therefore play a pregnant role in the ecology and morbific organism circulation. These birds are implicated as hosts and mechanical carriers of infected ecto-parasites. They are in like manner implicated in the transmission of zoonoses. It is not possible to station a stop to this sequence but we can minimize the risks involved. This can be done by controlling and preventing perilous situations.Pathogens contractable by migratory birdsAvian Pneumovirus (APV). This virus belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus. It causes a respiratory disease which is known as turkey rhinotrachetis (TRT). This disease is commonly known as vain head syndrome (SHS) in jaundiceds (Gough, 2003Lwamba et al., 2002). This disease kills municipal birds, especially turkey at a very elevated rate. It has been found out that it only takes a few moments after the attack before the bird dies. When the bird gets a secondary bacteriuml infection and immunosuppressive viral disease, the severity of APV is deepen (Lwamba 2002, Jones 2006).The significance of migratory birds in the epidemiology and persistence of APV in interior(prenominal) wad has been ascertained by means of and throu gh isolation routine (Shin et al., 2000). When isolation of APV from choanal swab or nasal turbinate of unjustifiable birds like geese, sparrows, swallows mallards and starling is done, there is a laid-back persistence of APV concomitant.Bennett (2204) observed a seasonal trend of disease occurrence during APV outbreaks in Minnesota. He suggested the suspected involvement/role of bad migratory birds in APV transmission. When a nucleotide sequencing was done, it was deduced that there was a common germ for the APV isolates extracted from wild ducks, domestic turkeys and geese. It was also deduced that the viruses from the different species can cross-infect. This indicated a closelipped relationship (Shin et al., 2002).Duck plague virus (DPV)This is a highly catching disease of Anseriformes. The duck plague/ viral enteritis causes high mortality and a decline in egg production in chickens and domestic water supplybird (Shawky and Sandhu, 2003). It has also been found to caus e viable mortality in wild waterfowl. The disease (DPV) strains have been found to exist from cloacal swabs of pintail ducks, wood ducks and gadwall ducks. It was also found out that wild ducks and geese that survived during the natural outbreaks remained carriers even after four years of post infection. Migratory birds who are carriers have been identified by using virological and serological methods.The role of these birds in the epidemiology and incidence in domestic and wild of duck plague have been estimated (Ziedler and Hlinak). There was ready evidence that the most certain obtain of infection was DPV- carrier and American black duck. These birds entered through the major flyways (Kidd and Converse, 2001). This conclusion was reached after the major epizootic of duck plague in wild waterfowl in the US way back in 1973. It has also been found out that the convalescent migrants are the silent carriers for DPV control in poultry. Measures to minimize the diffuse of the disea se should include bio-security, decontamination of the environment and eradication of affected flocks (Pearson and Cassidy, 1997 Converse and Kidd, 2001).Egg assoil syndrome virus (EDSV)The EDSV is a vertically transmitted disease in poultry. It causes low egg production with high fragility of eggs. It also leads to substantial descend in fertility and hatchability of the eggs. This virus (EDS-76) is classified under group ternary of the Adenoviridae. The disease is usually common in layer chickens. Ducks and geese are intellection to be the natural hosts for the virus (McFerran and Adair, 2003). Migratory ducks, egrets, gulls, grebes and wild geese have been found to have been found to have antibodies against this virus (Malkinson and Weisman, 2003 Kaleta et al., 1985). Migratory anseriforms is thought to be disseminating EDSV. The sporadic infections in poultry can be connected to the spread of the disease from wild ducks and geese to domestic flock. The spread can be through sharing of topeing water which has been contaminated with gunk of infected birds. These droppings pollute the water thus making it a source for breeding of the virus (Hubalek, 2004 McFerran and Adair, 2003).Psteurella multocidaP. multocida is a bacteria that has bipolar staining feature. It is the entiological agent of avian or fowl cholera. The disease is highly significant and economically important and causes mortality which is significant in both domestic and wild birds (Wobeser, 1997 Hubalek, 1994 break apart et al., 2004). Avian cholera spreads rapidly through waterfowls. It is known as a disease with carrier status. The disease is very prevalent among the ducks and turkeys followed by chicken are more susceptible. The disease generally spreads faster among the young ones (Glison et al., 2003). closely 70,000 migratory ducks and geese were reported to have succumbed to the infection during the US outbreaks in 1979 (Brand, 1984).The heavy(p) bird aggregation due to the na ture of waterfowls being gregarious, prompts the outbreaks of AC. The bacteriums ability to survive in water for a long period of up to several weeks is high. These aspects enhance the chances of rapidity and the extent of disease spread (Botzler, 1991 Glisson et al., 2003).Those birds that survive during the outbreaks and thus recover have been reported to be long carriers of the infectious agents. These birds later help in dissemination of the agent to various distant wetland locations. Free ranging wild birds have also been infected with the bacterium though the greatest magnitude of losses is experienced by the close of waterfowls (Hunter and Wobeser, 1997 Glisson et al., 2003).Chlamydophila psittaciThe disease (chlamydiosis) is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called C. psittaci. It is a ancestral disease of pet birds and poultry having zoonotic implications. It is also considered as a List B disease in parrots, parakeets and humaneitys (A ndersen and Vanrompa y, 2000). Chlamydiosis affects all types of poultry and is usually systematic though occasionally fatal. The disease is often transmitted by inhalation or even ingestion of infectious faecal dust. Birds like wild ducks, egrets, sparrows, grackles, gulls other bird species have a significant author of the bacteria that can spread the disease. This can be through direct contact or infectious aerosols to a variety of vertebrates including human beings and poultry (Grimes et al., 1979 Page, 1976 Kaleta and Taday, 2003 Brand, 1989 Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000).Research has shown that some chlamydial strains which are not pathogenic to migratory avian hosts are highly virulent for humans and domestic fowls. Suggestions have been made that grackles and thus migratory birds are potential reservoir hosts which can play an important role in the transmission of unit of ammunition of the bacterium C. psittaci in nature (Roberts and Grimes, 1978). The mechanisms by which the bacteria is intro duced in domestic flock is clearly not understood. This is mysterious because wild birds are also infected by the same strains as domestic flock (Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). This calls for an sweetening in the surveillance and screening in order to find the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of infection in domestic birds (Schwarzova et al., 2006).Other pathogens caused by migratory birdsWild or migratory birds also aid in the transmission of other types of pathogens in animals as well as human beings. There are various animal diseases that are a resolution of the interaction between them and the migratory birds. In the ecological system, living things always interact in order to create a balance. During this time, birds that are infected or carriers of bacteria get to interact with other living things. In the process, they make the environment contaminated and thus high risk of these animals assure diseases. For example, birds and other animals may share drinking water. I f these birds are infected, they pass on the virus into the water thus making it contaminated. As the animal drink the water, they ingest bacteria and thus contract diseases. Human beings may use these animals as food. Being that the flesh is contaminated, they automatically get the bacteria or virus into their systems. Through this channel, both the animals and human beings contract diseases. The main source of the infection is the bird.There are a number of infections that are transmitted by birds to other animals. Among them include West Nile Fever (WNF). This is a Flavivirus belong to family flaviviridae. It is a mosquito-borne virus which can result in fatal cephalitis in human beings. The effect can also be on equines and avian species (Hubalek and Halouzka, 1999 Komar, 2000 Rappole and Hubalek, 2000). This disease is maintained in a cycle of epizoonic transmission between mosquitoes and birds. Human and horses are the incidental hosts in this case. The migratory birds are cen tral to the epidemiology of WNV infections. This is because they are considered as the main amplifying hosts in the transmission process (Reed et al., 2003).Migratory birds also play a crucial role in the dissemination of zoonotic and enteropathogenic bacteria that cause other infections in animals. For example, wild birds aid in the spread of Campylobacter and Salmonella. The incidence of infections in human beings by Campylobacter jejuni is on a continuous rise. The disease proves to be fatal at some acute stages and thus has led to the deaths of many. From research, it has been proved that the main transmitters of the bacteria are wild birds. The disease is usually rampant in places characterized with high humidity and high temperatures.Research is still on to establish whether there are other transmitters apart from wild birds (Sacks et al,. 1986 Tomar et al., 2006). The contamination of the surface water with the bacteria is largely attributed to aquatic and wild birds. Likewis e, in the case of Salmonella infections, remnants of S. enteric (Typhimurium and Enteritidis) have been isolated from many species of birds. These birds include gulls, ducks, terns, finches and sparrows. Research has confirmed that migratory birds are involved in the dissemination of these bacteria.

Work Absenteeism In Health Care Facilities Social Work Essay

Work Absenteeism In Health C atomic morsel 18 Facilities fond Work EssayWork takeeeism is one of the biggest ch tout ensembleenges which verbalism helper planning in wellness wish well facilities. thither has been an increase in the human activity of staff or health pull off practitioners who ar absent from acidify and this assumes health attention deli real in much(prenominal) facilities. Work absenteeism whitethorn occur imputable to legitimate actor outs or illegitimate reasons. Legitimate reason for hammer absenteeism let in rangeness, family outcomes and baby sitting while illegitimate reasons allow in missing fly the coop due to false pretences (Beach, 2007). In health caution facilities, employment absenteeism is a very serious issue since it adversely affects health fearfulness supplying. Health pull off provision is a sensitive issue since it whitethorn gallop to fatality of patients or deterioproportionn of patients health if liberal health safeguard staff is non present to cater to their needs.It is thereof authorised to assess the issue of melt down absenteeism in the health c be industry in more detail. This paper get out assess bat absenteeism in health charge and will specifically focus on hospital and nursing home settings. The various causes of take absenteeism and adverse set up to health c ar institutions will be discussed in detail. The solutions to work absenteeism in the health c atomic number 18 industry will also be given. The discussed issues will be summarized at the end.Causes of work absenteeism in that location be various causes of work absenteeism in the health superintend industry. These will be discussed be pitiable nauseaThis is one of the roughly common causes of work absenteeism in the health commission industry. Many employees who call in sick are genuinely ailing and insound to discharge their duties stiffly. This causal factor can be coupled to the spunky cost of health look at delivery in the coupled States and the world in general. The increase in health care cost and insurance has made umpteen people be unable to pass health care service (Kotlikoff, 2007). Such people examine low quality health care service providers, home solutions or earnings remedies for diseases. These are ineffective in trade ining with illnesses and health care employees who seek these solutions due to the inability to rile health care services are apparent to be absent from work for overnight periods than those who seek effective treatment interventions. It is important to offer affordable and high quality health care services to both health care employees and the public in general in army to reduce the line of work of work absenteeism.Family issuesThere are various family issues which whitethorn mention employees in the health care industry be away from work. These family issues include domestic violence, divorce proceedings, family conflicts and others. Fam ily issues are important to palm and this is the reason that many health care employees who face these issues are likely to be absent from work in graze to deal with them. It is difficult for any employee to be productive at the study when dealing with unresolved family issues. Many employees opt to deal with such issues forward resuming work in arrange to be productive. Employers should give employees sufficient period to deal with family issues since such issues are likely to lower employee motivating if not dealt with in a timely manner.BabysittingDue to the make of the globular economic crunch, many families drop had their disposable income lowered. Such families are attempt to pay their bills and expenses with the little income earned. As a run, many families are unable to pay for babysitters for their babies especially due to the hard economic times. In such circumstances, some employees in health care institutions may be force to stay away from work as they baby sit their babies. This on the other hand adversely affects health care service provision since there may be incompetent staff to deal with patients. It is indeed important to find a solution to this issue.Low employee demandEmployee motivation is very important for organizations in any industry. Employees are the most blue-chip resource and it is important to motivate them and increase their output in order for organizations to achieve their objectives (Mugisho, 2007). Employee motivation enables employees to look forward to going to their places of work, in this fictitious character hospitals and other health care facilities. However, when employees pee low motivation levels, most prefer missing work and at a lower placetaking other activities which may be more rewarding to them. Low employee motivation is arguably the major reason that employees are absent from work in cases of illegitimate reasons. It is important to verbalize the issue of employee motivation if cases of workplace absenteeism are to be reduced in health care institutions. stress related issuesStress is a major causality of low employee productiveness and work absenteeism in health care facilities. Employees in health care facilities are exposed to working under pressure in order to meet the targets set. Such employees see injuries and fatalities some on a daily basis and this would cause psychological effects to any human being. Student interns are exposed to working for very long hours with little relief and this is stressful to them. When such employees are not provided for with an effective mechanism to deal with such stress, they are likely to be absent from work as a result of stress effects. This in turn adversely affects service provision in health care facilities. Employees should be provided for with mechanisms for dealing with stress if they are to reduce cases of absenteeism from the workplace.Nurse staffing symmetryThere is a major problem in many health care service facilities due to the inadequate number of health care professionals, especially nurses. There is an inadequate number of nurses in these facilities and this exerts pressure on nurses to work harder and for time-consuming hours in order to meet the needs of patients (Phelps, 2002). This causes a strain to them as they are forced to work under dreadful pressure. In most cases, the increased workload does not translate into high pay and this further frustrates them. In such working environments, nurses lose motivation to work and they begin being absent from work for illegitimate reasons. The problem of nurse staffing ration should therefore be addressed to reduce cases of work absenteeism.Disadvantages of work absenteeismThere are various adverse effects which are associated with work absenteeism in health care facilities. These will be discussed beneathQuality of health care service provisionWork absenteeism in health care service delivery facilities adversely affects health ca re provision amongst patients. When health care professionals are absent from work, there may be inadequate health care professionals to deal with the needs of patients. This may affect the quality of health care received by patients. It may also require to further complications for patients or even fatalities due to inadequate care given to patients. This is very dangerous for the nation at astronomical since the health of the population may be compromised as a result of work absenteeism by health care workers. It is thus important to address this issue immediately to preserve the lives of patients.Poor work by health care facilitiesMany health care facilities, especially those set up by the private sector are usually developed with lolly making objective as a major goal. Although helping the sick is a major objective of many hospitals, many are create to make profit out of charging for health care services provided. When employees are absent from work, just like in any other o rganization, productivity reduces. Reduction in productivity over time may twist to losses by the health care institutions. It may also lead to the inability to attain the set organizational goals. It is therefore necessary to image that employees in health care facilities are not absent from work since this may be an obstacle to the attaining of organizational objectives.Solution to problemsThere are several solutions which should be implemented in order to deal with the problems which were in the beginning discussed in the paper. These solutions will be discussed on the basis of the individual problems discussed earlier. unsoundnessIt has been discussed that sickness is one of the major problems which contribute to work absenteeism. When employees are sick, they are unable to discharge their duties effectively. Employees who seek low quality health care services are more likely to be absent for longer periods than those who seek high quality services. In order to deal with this issue, the political sympathies and health care providers should take immediate steps. The government should reduce the cost of health care services and insurance through allocating more bills to cater for the same. Health care facilities should offer health care fall into place to all employees in order to ensure that they have assenting to high quality health care services. This will reduce the number of hours employees are absent due to sickness or other health complications.Family issuesThere are various family issues which health care professionals companionship, as is experienced with the rest of society. It is important to develop mechanisms which can enable health care professionals deal with family issues without change their workplace objectives. Employees in health care facilities should have chafe to counselors who will enable them solve family issues which they face. This will prevent such issues from affecting their work environment and causing work absenteeism in health care facilities.BabysittingIt has been discussed that babysitting is a causal factor of work absenteeism since many employees are unable to afford babysitters due to harsh economic times. It is important to empower employees, especially those with babies, to be financially stable and to be in a position to cater for all the babys needs. Health care service institutions should take two steps to resolve this problem. The first is to increase employee pay in order to ensure that employees, especially those with children, are able to access salaries and benefits which are adequate in catering for the childrens welfare. The second step is creating a nursery within the health care facility and allowing parents to bring their novel ones in such environments. This strategy has proven to be very effective in increasing the productivity of working mother since they have recreation of mind whenever they work in environments where their children are within reach. These two strateg ies should be implemented depending on the policies of the organization in order to ensure that work absenteeism is minimized.Low employee motivationLow employee motivation is caused by several factors including slimy leadership, organizational culture, low remuneration and others. Low motivation reduces employee productivity and it is likely to cause work absenteeism due to lack of morale by employees. In order to improve employee motivation, several factors should be taken into account by the management. The management should employ the democratic leadership style which allows employees to participate in decision making (Bratton et. al., 2004). The management should also ensure that there is a conducive organizational culture which features communication, teamwork, conflict resolution mechanisms and participative decision making. In addition, the management should use both financial and non-financial motivation forms when remunerating employees. This will lead to an increase in e mployee productivity, organizational performance and lower cases of work absenteeism.Stress related issuesAs previously discussed, nurses are prone to stress due to the nature of the environment they work in. Nurses work in an environment where they experience injuries and fatalities by patients every day. Some patients come with serious injuries and they may abide or not. Nurses care for such patients and in cases where patients succumb to injuries, nurses suffer psychological trauma. Nurses also work under tremendous pressure and this may make them experience stress. In order to deal with stress, the management should ensure that nurses have access to counselors and therapies needed to enable them overcome workplace stress. This will enable them to work more effectively and will reduce cases where nurses are absent from work due to stress.Nurse staffing ratioNursing staff ratio is a major cause of work absenteeism in health care institutions due to the pressure exerted on nurses. The inadequate number of nurses forces them to work harder and for longer time durations. This de-motivates them and makes some opt to be absent from work. In order to deal with this issue, the government and health care providers have a responsibility to ensure that there are adequate nurses in every health care facility. This can be achieved through dialog between all health care stakeholders and development of strategies which will ensure that adequate nurses are trained and posted to health care institutions around the country (Murray, 2005). This will reduce the burden to nurses and ensure that they work with relative ease. Such an sue will reduce the number of nurses who are absent from work.Summary and destructionVarious issues which relate to work absenteeism in health care facilities have been discussed in detail. Employees have been seen to abstain from work for a variety of reasons and these include low morale, family issues, stress, sickness, nurse staffing ratio and babysitting among other causes. This has been seen to adversely affect health care service delivery to patients. It has also been seen to lower the performance of health care providers. In order to deal with these issues, a number of recommendations have been made and these include allowing children to work, ensuring employees are adequately remunerated, ensuring employees have access to counselors, increasing nurse staffing ratio and improving health care services to employees who work for hospitals and nursing homes. This will reduce instances where employees are absent from work and it will ensure that all objectives of health care organization are met.

I Stand Here Ironing: Character Analysis of Emily Essay -- Tillie Olse

The short story I Stand Here Ironing (1961) by Tillie Olsen is a touching storey of a cause trying to understand and at the same measure justifying her daughters conduct. Frye interprets the story as a meditation of a cause reconstructing her daughters past in an attempt to post present behavior (Frye 287). An unnamed person has brought attention and concern to her mother expressing, Shes a youthfulnessster who needs befriend and whom Im deeply interested in helping (Olsen 290). Emily is a nineteen-year-old complex lady friend who is atypical, both physically and in personality.Emilys upbringing is plagued with difficulties. She is the first-born of a young mother and the eldest of five brothers and sisters. As a baby, she is constantly left(a) at the care of others while her mother had to work after her stick abandons them. Additionally, she is often sick, triggering a serial of events that have emotionally affected her life. She decidedly experiences a stressful growth ( Frye 288).As a little lady friend, Emily intelligibly indicates to be unlike most children her age. For starters, various illnesses tremendously affect Emilys physique which makes her look different compared to other little girls. Even her mother expresses All the baby loveliness gone (Olsen 291), after had gotten chicken pox. other consequence derived from being constantly sick is that she looks fragile, Skeleton slim down (Olsen 292). Unfortunately, she is near aware of non fulfilling the stereotype of a girl her age and she does not like it, Olsens narrator clearly statesShe fretted about her appearance, thin and dark and foreign-looking at a time when every little girl was supposed to look or thought she should look a plump blonde replica of Shirl... ... affect her future. Certainly, Emily is remarkably different in umpteen ways due to a troubled, lonely childhood (Frye 288). She has a series of features that makes her unique. In terms of physical appearance, she is thin and dark looking because of wellness problems. As for personality she is insecure however behaves well and she does not channelise her emotions. Perhaps her complexity gives the idea or the impression that she needs help and people perceive her as a troubled girl.Works CitedFrye, Joanne S. I survive HERE IRONING MOTHERHOOD AS EXPERIENCE AND METAPHOR. Studies in Short fictionalization 18.3 (1981) 287. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 Mar. 2011.Olsen, Tillie. I Stand Here Ironing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mendell. literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Compact Seventh Edition. Boston Wadsworth, 2011. 290-296. Print.